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三叉神经痛型桥小脑角胆脂瘤的回顾性研究

来源:中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志
摘要:【摘要】目的探讨三叉神经痛型桥小脑角胆脂瘤的有效诊断和治疗方法,减少手术并发症的发生。结果13例患者中,头颅CT检查仅1例报告桥小脑角及鞍上池胆脂瘤。听性脑干反应(auditorybrainstemresponse,ABR)检查1例波Ⅴ潜伏期及Ⅰ-Ⅴ波间期延长。眼震电图检查9例异常(2例麻痹,7例减弱)。...

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  【摘要】 目的 探讨三叉神经痛型桥小脑角胆脂瘤的有效诊断和治疗方法,减少手术并发症的发生。方法 采用回顾性研究,总结1990~2000年天津医科大学第三医院和上海公利医院13例患者的临床资料。结果 13例患者中,头颅CT检查仅1例报告桥小脑角及鞍上池胆脂瘤;听性脑干反应(auditory brainstem response,ABR)检查1例波Ⅴ潜伏期及Ⅰ-Ⅴ波间期延长;眼震电图检查9例异常(2例麻痹,7例减弱)。限于设备条件均未作磁共振成像检查。术中可见胆脂瘤组织或其囊膜包绕三叉神经根部。患者均经乙状窦后进路切除胆脂瘤而未行三叉神经感觉根部分切断术,10例随访2年以上,3例随访未达半年,均获临床痊愈。1例胆脂瘤延伸到小脑幕上,经乙状窦后进路同时取出幕上胆脂瘤。结论 眼震电图在本病表现异常的机率高于CT及ABR,乙状窦后进路是首选的手术路径,胆脂瘤完全切除不必加行三叉神经感觉根部分切断术。

  Cholesteatoma of the cerebellopontine angle presented as trigeminal neuralgia

  REN Mingzhong, CHEN Xiaoping, XU Lina,et al.

  (Department of Otorhinolaryngology,Gongli Hospital,PuDong New Area, Shanghai 200135, China)

  【Abstract】 Objective To explore the effective methods of diagnosis and treatment for cholesteatoma of the cerebellopontine angle presented as trigeminal neuralgia.Methods The Clinical data of 13 patients were studied retrospectively. Results Only 1 case of Cholesteatoma in cerebellopontine and suprasellar cistern was detected with cranial CT scans among 13 patients. Prolonged latency of Wave V and interpeak peak latencies of I-V Wave were recorded in 1 case on auditory brainstem response(ABR). But 9 patients had abnormality in ENG (2 paralysis, 2 paresis). During the operations, we found that cholesteatoma tissue or its capsule wrapped the roots of trigeminal nerves. The cholesteatoma were removed through post-sigmoid sinus approach without partial amputation of trigeminal posterior root. All the patients were clinically cured by extraction of cholesteatoma with following up period of 3 years (10 cases) and half of a year(3 cases). Cholesteatoma extended above tentorium was completely resected with post-sigmoid sinus approach in one case. Conclusions  ENG is more sensitive than cranial CT and ABR for diagnosis of cholesteatoma in the cerebellopontine angle. The post-sigmoid sinus approach is the best operative approach. It is unnecessary to have the partial amputation of trigeminal posterior root if cholesteatoma can be completely removed. When cholesteatoma extends above tentorium, it can be removed simultaneously by post-sigmoid sinus approach.

  【Key words】 Cholesteatoma;  Cerebellopontine angle;  Trigeminal neuralgia;  Electronystagmography;  Otologic surgical procedures

  桥小脑角胆脂瘤是继发性三叉神经痛的最常见原因,其首发症状为三叉神经痛的三叉神经痛型桥小脑角胆脂瘤约占2/3[1] 。我们自1990~2000年以来在诊治102例三叉神经痛的过程中,在天津医科大学第三医院及上海公利医院遇到三叉神经痛型桥小脑角胆脂瘤患者共13例,报道如下。

  临床资料

  一、一般资料

  13例中男4例,女9例。年龄最小23岁,最大61岁,平均44岁,20~45岁者占8例。病程最短10个月,最长30年,平均8年。左侧8例,右侧5例。13例术前均行头颅CT检查,仅1例报告桥小脑角及鞍上池胆脂瘤。听力检查2例呈双耳基本对称性老年聋;1例患耳感音神经性聋,听性脑干反应(auditory brainstem response,ABR)检查波Ⅴ潜伏期及Ⅰ-Ⅴ波间期延长,余听力均正常。眼震电图检查:冷热试验患侧半规管反应2例麻痹,7例减弱,4例正常(均为2~3 cm的小胆脂瘤)。13例患者均未行磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)检查。患者均有患侧面部相应区(眶下、上齿槽、下颌等)阵发性闪电样、针刺样或刀割样剧烈疼痛,患侧面部相应区的痛、温及触觉除1例有感觉敏感外均表现迟钝,5例角膜反射迟钝。13例患者中1例术前明确诊断为桥小脑角胆脂瘤,12例均按原发性三叉神经痛进行手术,术中发现为桥小脑角胆脂瘤。

  二、手术方法及术中情况

  采用平外耳道口的耳后横切口,在乙状窦后方及横窦下方开颅窗约4 cm ×4 cm,倒“U”型切开硬脑膜,轻压小脑达桥小脑角区,打开桥小脑角池蛛网膜后,即可见团块状银白色胆脂瘤。其囊壁很薄,呈半透明状。9例瘤体直径达2~3 cm,4例达4~6 cm。瘤体一般介于小脑幕、岩骨后面及脑干之间,10例瘤体实质直接包绕三叉神经;2例瘤体及囊膜在三叉神经前内方将三叉神经压向后外下方,甚至使三叉神经紧贴听神经及面神经;1例相反瘤体及囊膜在三叉神经后外方施压。在10例瘤体实质直接包绕三叉神经之中,有2例直径5~6 cm的巨大胆脂瘤,其瘤体实质同时包绕三叉神经和听神经,瘤体及囊膜前上方伸入岩骨后面近岩尖部,向内达中线并包绕外展神经,下外方达舌咽神经上缘。有1例见桥小脑角胆脂瘤在小脑幕切迹与脑干间向上延伸到幕上。胆脂瘤缺少血供,其内部组织为脱屑上皮沉积而成的碎蜡样、脂样或干酪样物质,在切开囊膜后可用吸引器吸出囊内物。注意在切除胆脂瘤时周围组织应以脑棉保护,防止胆脂瘤碎屑随脑脊液扩散。在胆脂瘤明显缩小后再在明视下分离胆脂瘤囊壁,将胆脂瘤完整取下。在完全切除胆脂瘤关闭颅腔前,要用氢化可的松林格液反复冲洗,彻底清除溅散的囊内容物。

  三、疗效评定标准及疗效

  疗效评定标准为:①临床痊愈:因颅脑CT片多不能显示胆脂瘤,故而以三叉神经痛临床症状完全消失为痊愈的标准;②有效:三叉神经痛症状减轻;③无效:三叉神经痛症状无改善。术后10例观察时间最短2年,最长5年,平均3.6年,结果10 例均痊愈;其余3例术后痊愈,但随访时间少于半年。

作者: 任明中陈晓平许丽娜韩素秀
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