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最新高血压指南的几个问题

刘力生
内容提要
关于血压水平的定义和分类
关于危险度分层
关于卫生经济学
关于用药问题
高血压患者危险分层--WHO/ISH 1999
注:《1999年中国高血压防治指南》的危险分层参考的是
          1999年WHO/ISH指南
影响高血压患者预后的因素
高血压患者危险分层--2003欧洲高血压指南
±:平均危险;+:低度危险增加;++:中度危险增加;+++:高度危险增加;++++:极高度危险增加
Risk factor similar as 1999 guidelines except :
1.abdominal obesity 2.Diabetes as a separate criterion 3.CRP is added
血压分类--JNC-VI(1997)
---------------------------------------------------------
类  别             收缩压(mm Hg)        舒张压(mm Hg)
---------------------------------------------------------
理想血压              <120                    <80
正常血压             120 - 129               80 - 84
正常高值             130 - 139               85 - 89
1级高血压            140 – 159               90 – 99
   亚组:临界高血压     140 - 149                 90 - 94
2级高血压            160  - 179             100 -109
3级高血压               ?180                  ?110
单纯收缩期高血压           ?140                  <90
亚组:临界收缩期高血压   140 - 149                  <90

---------------------------------------------------------------

 

        
     
1. Distribution of NHANES I Epldemiologic Follow-up Study Participants with a High-Normal BP or Hypertension at Baseline According to BP Lovel and Risk Categorization
Values are n (%)
2.  Estimated Effect of a 12mmHg Reduction in SBP Over 10 years on the Number-Needed-to-Treat to Prevent a Cardiovascular Disease Event Among NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study Participants According to Baseline BP Level and Category of Presumed Cardiovascular Risk
See test or Table 1 for deflnition of risk groups.
*Corrected for regression dilution bias using a reliability coefficient or 0.53 to correct for Imprecision in the measurement of SBP,
3.  Estimated Effect of a 12mmHg Reduction in SBP Over 10 years on the Number-Needed-to-Treat to Prevent a Cardiovascular Disease Death Among NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study Participants According to Baseline BP Level and Category of Presumed Cardiovascular Risk
See test or Table 1 for deflnition of risk groups.
*Corrected for regression dilution bias using a reliability coefficient or 0.53 to correct for Imprecision in the measurement of SBP,
4.  Estlmated Effect of a 12mmHg Reduction in SBP Over 10 years on the Number-Needed-to-Treat to Prevent An AI-Cause Death Among NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study Participants According to Baseline BP Level and Category of Presumed Cardiovascular Risk
See test or Table 1 for definition of risk groups.
*Corrected for regression dilution bias using a reliability coefficient or 0.53 to correct for Imprecision in the measurement of SBP
不同危险程度高血压患者的血压水平(mmHg, x?s)
        男        女
危险度      SBP   DBP      SBP    DBP
低危   141.3(12.0) 88.7(7.9) 141.7(10.8) 88.4(10.1)
中危   144.7(15.6) 89.3(9.7) 144.1(26.7) 86.4(10.6)
高危   144.0(17.7) 88.8(11.5) 139.6(18.6) 85.6(14.5)
极高危   148.4(21.5)* 88.8(12.8) 145.9(22.6)* 87.6(34.2)
 
* P<0.05
心血管危险度分层的重要性(一)

高血压常常伴随其它危险因素
降压治疗的目的是减少心血管发病与死亡(CVD Risk),而不仅是降低血压(RFs),所以对心血管危险的估算是不可或缺的
血压升高是CVD RR 的重要指标,故以往只看血压水平决定治疗策略。此法对中重度高血压行之有效,对轻度高血压则否
心血管危险度分层的重要性(二)
NHANES-I根据 JNC VI,对7,090NHEFS队列20年随访说明临床决策不仅依靠平均血压水平,并需考虑其他危险因素
1999年医院门诊人群高血压抽样调查报告表明,对门诊高血压患者的危险度评估中,如果只注意血压水平,是很不够的,会明显低估危险度,必须全面评估其他危险因素,才能作出正确的判断.

Problems With a Strategy Based on Absolute Cardiovascular Risk F. Olaf Simpson/Journal of Hypertension 1996, Vol 14 No 6
The proposed New Zealand guidelines: the 10-year absolute CVD risk strategy
Consequences of the 10-year absolute-risk strategy
Possible age-related modifications of the 10-year absolute-risk strategy
Problems raised by inclusion of other risk factors in the calculations
Problems in calculation of the expected gains from antihypertensive therapy
Problems in calculations of CVD risk from raised blood pressure

Article 1
Cardiovascular risk evaluation: an inexact science (1)
Failure to consider the full risk of the ‘metabolic syndrome’ in current guidelines
Failure to appreciate the total benefit of antihypertensive therapy
Excessive weighting of advanced age in the assessment of cardiovascular risk
How accurate is current risk assessment for uncomplicated mild hypertension?
Although the absolute risk assessment methods  may lack sufficient sensitivity, they still represent an improvement over that only the level of blood pressure and prior cardiovascular disease were relevant to therapeutic-decision making. To date, cardiovascular risk evaluation is an inexact science.
Cardiovascular risk evaluation: an inexact science (2)
Enhancing risk stratification in hypertensive subjects: How far should we go in routine screening for target organ damage?
First, it appears timely to include the search for microalbuminuria as a routine component of the work-up of all hypertensive patients worldwide;
Second, it seems reasonable to recommend that the search for target organ damage should extend to cardiac and carotid ultrasound for high risk and very high risk hypertensive subjects.
Pharmacological Treatment of Hypertension J D Swales / The Lancet Vol 344. Aug. 6, 1994
Benefits of treatment
Treatment of severe hypertension
Mild to moderate hypertension
Defining the high-risk patient
Value of repeated measurements
Systolic hypertension
Target blood pressure
Selection

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