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Received 7 January 2003/ Returned for modification 20 March 2003/ Accepted 13 May 2003
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C. glabrata can be identified more rapidly on the basis of trehalose assimilation or fermentation, but such tests require incubation periods ranging from 1 to 24 h. In addition, the use of pH-based detection requires strict control of buffer capacity (4, 12, 13; L. Stockman and G. Roberts, Program Abstr. 85th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1985, abstr. 377, 1985). Recently, Peltroche-Llacsahuanga et al. (19) and Parant et al. and others (9, 18; F. Parant, M. Crepy, Y. Gille, and A. M. Freydiere, abstr. from the 6th Congress of the European Confederation of Medical Microbiology, Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 17(Suppl. 132):3, 2000) described a rapid test for C. glabrata identification based on a glucose oxidase reaction for the detection of trehalose hydrolysis. This test has the dual advantages of requiring only a small inoculum and a short incubation time. Parant et al. (18) and Freydiere et al. (9) subsequently recommended the addition of a maltose assimilation test to avoid false-positive results with other Candida species.
GLABRATA RTT (Fumouze Diagnostics, Levallois Perret, France), the first commercial test for C. glabrata identification, takes only 15 to 20 min and is based on the capacity of C. glabrata to hydrolyze trehalose but not maltose. It uses a glucose-oxidase reaction to detect glucose generated from trehalose or maltose and requires only a few colonies. A maltose control is used to eliminate false-positive results obtained with other yeasts. Moreover, as most fungal isolation media contain glucose, a carbohydrate-free control is used to detect the possible carryover of glucose-containing agar in the yeast suspension.
The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of this rapid trehalase test for C. glabrata identification when applied to colonies grown on four different primary fungal isolation media.
A total of 330 stock isolates representing 16 yeast species commonly encountered in clinical samples (see Table 2) were kept on glass beads at -20°C and grown once in subcultures on Sabouraud agar (Biomerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) to check for purity. The 330 isolates were tested in either Lyon (n = 125) or Angers (n = 205). They were streaked to single colonies on the four chromogenic and nonchromogenic media and incubated (for 24 h in Lyon and 48 h in Angers) at 30°C. All the isolates were identified with conventional materials and methods, including germ tube formation, ID 32C identification strips (Biomerieux), morphology on rice agar Tween, and Krusei Color latex agglutination (Fumouze Diagnostics).
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GLABRATA RTT (Fumouze Diagnostics) consists of a panel of 12 wells, permitting the identification of four isolates. Three wells (designated T, M, and B) containing dehydrated medium are required per isolate. In addition to basic medium, wells T and M contain trehalose and maltose, respectively. Following the manufacturer's instructions, four to six colonies are suspended in 100 µl of distilled water (corresponding to a reading of 3 on the McFarland turbidity scale), 25 µl of suspension is added to each well (T, M, and B), and the panel is incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Glucose formation is detected by adding 25 µl of a reagent mixture of oxidase glucose, peroxidase, and chromogen substrate per well and further incubating the panel for 5 to 10 min at room temperature. A brown-orange color corresponds to the presence of glucose, while a lack of coloration corresponds to a negative result.
The results are shown in Table 1. Only C. glabrata strains normally give a positive trehalose and a negative maltose test result, and tests yielding a positive sugar-free control well result are uninterpretable.
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We evaluated the performance of GLABRATA RTT by testing 330 yeast isolates, consisting of 100 C. glabrata strains and 230 non-C. glabrata strains, as identified using conventional methods. As the composition of the medium used to isolate a yeast may influence physiological status and, possibly, enzyme expression (18), the results of yeast identification methods based on enzyme reactions may differ according to the medium used. We examined the potential influence of the culture medium on GLABRATA RTT performance by growing subcultures of the 330 stock isolates on the three most commonly used chromogenic media (Candida ID, CHROMagar Candida, and CandiSelect) and one conventional medium (Sabouraud chloramphenicol gentamicin agar) prior to testing.
The sensitivity of GLABRATA RTT ranged from 94 to 98% (depending on the medium), while specificity ranged from 97.3 to 98.6% (Table 2). The false-positive results (1.4 to 2.7% of the 330 isolates) corresponded to C. tropicalis, C. famata, and C. lusitaniae.
GLABRATA RTT gave results that were consistent between the two laboratories participating in this study. Sensitivity ranged from 94.4% ± 3.1% to 98.1% ± 1.8% in Lyon and from 94.4% ± 3.1% to 98.6% ± 1.7% in Angers, and the respective specificity values were 93.4% ± 2.9% to 100% ± 0.3% and 98% ± 1.1% to 99% ± 0.8%; no significant differences were observed between the laboratories regardless of the culture medium used.
GLABRATA RTT is simple to use and yields results within 20 min with an inoculum of only four to six colonies, making it the most rapid commercial C. glabrata identification test. Some of the C. glabrata strains that gave a false-negative trehalase test result gave a positive result on secondary testing, suggesting that an inadequate inoculum had been used in the first test. Other rare strains were not identified as C. glabrata because the results were uninterpretable. As Freydiere et al. have previously reported (9), the addition of the maltose control reduces the number of false-positive results and increases the specificity of GLABRATA RTT to more than 97%, which is excellent for a phenotype-based identification test.
In contrast to other studies (18, 19), we did not find that the results of the rapid trehalase test differed according to the growth medium used. Indeed, neither sensitivity nor specificity differed significantly among the four media used.
Depending on the medium used for primary culture of clinical specimens, the following two diagnostic algorithms can be proposed for identification of C. albicans and C. glabrata, which together account for about 80% of clinical isolates (of those isolates, about 60% are C. albicans and 20% are C. glabrata). (i) After primary culture on Sabouraud agar, rapid C. albicans identification can be obtained with the germ tube test (requiring 2 to 4 h) or the Bichro-latex albicans agglutination test (Fumouze Diagnostics) (5 min) (6, 21, 22). Colonies that are not positively identified with these two methods can be tested with GLABRATA RTT. (ii) After primary growth in cultures on a chromogenic medium, which permits rapid identification and/or group classification of Candida species on the basis of their characteristic colony colors, only colonies showing the characteristic color of the C. glabrata group need to be tested with GLABRATA RTT. Many laboratories now use commercial chromogenic media such as Candida ID, CandiSelect, and CHROMagar Candida. Candida ID and CandiSelect identify C. albicans colonies on the basis of their characteristic blue color. Candida ID also contains a second substrate allowing the classification of several species (not including C. glabrata) in a group yielding pink colonies (7, 10, 24). C. glabrata yields white colonies on these two media, and thus, only these colonies need to be tested with GLABRATA RTT. CHROMagar Candida permits the identification of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei (1, 11, 17; A. M. Freydiere, Letter, J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:2048, 1996) on the basis of their colony colors, and C. glabrata is included in the group of pink colonies along with several other species (Freydiere, letter). Thus, when this medium is used for primary isolation, only pink colonies need to be tested with GLABRATA RTT.
In this study, the sensitivity and specificity of GLABRATA RTT for C. glabrata exceeded 94%, regardless of the primary isolation medium. These results match those achieved with slower trehalase-based tests (4, 12, 19). Widely used commercial yeast identification systems such as API20CAUX, Auxacolor, Fungichrom, and Vitek YBC often perform less well than GLABRATA RTT (2, 8).
Recent studies have shown that multiplex PCR-based methods (3, 14) and vibrational spectrometry techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy (15) are rapid, sensitive, and accurate for species-level identification of Candida isolates. However, although some of these methods (15) can identify Candida spp. with 6-h agar microcolonies, their use is restricted to large reference and research laboratories because of their high cost and the need for specialized equipment. Unless these methods can be adapted for routine use in clinical microbiological laboratories, rapid phenotypic tests are likely to remain the most cost-effective approach.
In conclusion, this first study performed with stock isolates shows that GLABRATA RTT reliably identifies C. glabrata grown in subcultures on the three most commonly used chromogenic media (Candida ID, CandiSelect, and CHROMagar Candida). Further evaluation will be necessary to determine (i) the utility of GLABRATA RTT in routine use, (ii) interlaboratory reproducibility, and (iii) potential geographical phenotypic variations among clinical isolates. We are currently testing GLABRATA RTT on fresh isolates in the routine clinical setting in a study involving several medical mycology laboratories in different countries.
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