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Home医源资料库在线期刊中华现代影像学杂志2006年第3卷第5期

残胃炎影像特征和幽门螺杆菌相关性的临床分析

来源:中华现代影像学杂志
摘要:【摘要】目的探讨幽门螺杆菌阳性和阴性残胃炎的各种双对比影像特征及其临床应用价值。各X线征象诊断标准:胃黏膜皱襞宽度≥5mm或较其他部位胃黏膜皱襞显著增厚(限局性)即诊断为胃黏膜皱襞增厚。吻合口直径≤9mm即诊断为吻合口狭窄。溃疡和胃黏膜糜烂照常规诊断。...

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  【摘要】  目的  探讨幽门螺杆菌阳性和阴性残胃炎的各种双对比影像特征及其临床应用价值。方法  按统一标准对所获材料进行筛选和回顾性分析;各X线征象诊断标准:胃黏膜皱襞宽度≥5mm或较其他部位胃黏膜皱襞显著增厚(限局性)即诊断为胃黏膜皱襞增厚。吻合口直径≤9mm即诊断为吻合口狭窄。溃疡和胃黏膜糜烂照常规诊断。统计检验各X线征象和幽门螺杆菌的关系。结果  共筛选出52例病例,其中25例幽门螺杆菌阳性,27例阴性。幽门螺杆菌阳性病例中有胃黏膜皱襞增厚23例(92.00%)、吻合口狭窄6例(24.00%)、溃疡1例(4.00%),胃黏膜糜烂3例(12.00%);幽门螺杆菌阴性病例中则分别有19例(70.37%)(P<0.05)、1例(3.70%)(P<0.001)、2例(7.41%)(P>0.05)、4例(14.81%)(P>0.05)。结论  幽门螺杆菌可能主要引起残胃黏膜增生性病变,相应的则在双对比影像上出现胃黏膜皱襞增厚和吻合口狭窄,而残胃溃疡和胃黏膜糜烂则不能表示有幽门螺杆菌感染。

  【关键词】  胃炎;螺杆菌,幽门;钡;检查
  
  Comparative study on radiological features of remnant gastritis between the H.pylori-positive patients and the H.pylori-negative patients

  QIAN Xue-qun,GU Qiang,WEN Feng,et al.

  Department of Radiology,Pudong New Area Peoples Hospital,Shanghai 201200,China

  【Abstract】  Objective  To investigate the radiological spectrum of Helicobacter pylori-positive or-negative remnant gastritis and its clinical application value.Methods  Ninety-eight patients who had undergone GI examinations were screened and retrospectively studied.The screening standards were:(1)The pathological tests of H.pylori were performed within 6 months before or after GI.(2)The methods of gastrointestinal reconstruction were Billroth Ⅰ (including esophagogastrostomy) and Billroth Ⅱ.(3)Remnant gastritis was proven by gastroscopy and pathological biopsy,and the possibilities of malignant tumor were excluded.(4)The GI images and the diagnosis were clear.The diagnosis standards were:(1)Folds 5 mm or greater in width or obviously thicker than other area of the remnant stomach were defined as thickened folds.(2)Stomas 9 mm or lesser in diameter were defined as stenosis.(3)When the niche sign was found,the diagnosis of ulcer was established.(4)When the barium flecks or other X-ray features of erosive gastritis were found,the diagnosis of gastric mucosal erosion was established.A statistical analysis of the data was performed with Fishers Exact test.Results  According to the screening standards,the materials of 52 of 98 cases were satisfied.25 of the 52 cases were found to be H.pylori positive and 27 were found to be H.pylori negative.Thickened folds were detected in 23 (92.00%) H.pylori-positive cases vs 19 (70.37%) H.pylori-negative cases (P<0.05);stenotic stoma in 6 (24.00%) H.pylori-positive cases vs 1 (3.70%) H.pylori-negative cases (P<0.001);remnant gastric ulcers in 1 (4%) H.pylori-positive cases vs 2 (7.41%) H.pylori-negative cases (P>0.05);erosions in 3 (12.00%) H.pylori-positive cases vs 4 (14.81%) pylori-negative cases (P>0.05).Conclusion  H.pylori might mainly cause mucosal proliferative lesion,accordingly thickened folds and stenotic stoma can be detected in H.pylori-positive patients,and the detection of ulcers or erosions can not identify the infection of H.pylori.

  【Key words】  gastritis;Helicobacter pylori;barium;examination

    1995年Sohn等[1]首先揭示胃黏膜皱襞增厚是幽门螺杆菌感染性胃炎较具特征性的X线双对比影像。此后又有学者对此做了详尽的研究[2]。然而国内外有关幽门螺杆菌感染性残胃炎X线双对比征象的文章却很少。为此,笔者欲通过回顾性比较分析各种幽门螺杆菌阳性与阴性残胃炎的X线双对比征象,来探讨其临床应用价值。

  1  资料与方法

  1.1  一般资料  2000年1月1日~2005年7月30日我院共对98例残胃病例做了上消化道气钡双对比检查(double contrast upper gastrointestinal tract examination,GI)。男62例,女36例,年龄25~88岁,平均(63.27±15.92)岁。术后时间6天~35年,平均(6.81±4.59)年。其中有腹胀76例,嗳气和反酸62例,进食梗噎感40例,恶心呕吐24例,腹痛15例,柏油样便8例。

  1.2  方法  5年半间,由于我院设备不断更新,98例患者分别在东芝KXO-15C胃肠机、西门子SIREGRAPH FR胃肠机或西门子POLYDOROS SX80胃肠机上被检查。检查方法按照中华医学会上海分会和上海市卫生局联合编著的《医学影像学诊疗常规》中规定的方法进行。使用钡剂为马鹿牌Ⅱ型或火圈牌Ⅱ型。按规定使用产气粉。

  1.3  筛选标准  对所有病例采用以下筛选标准筛选:(1)做GI检查前后不超过6个月内做了幽门螺杆菌病理学检查[2]。(2)胃肠道重建术式为毕罗Ⅰ式(包括食管残胃吻合术式)和毕罗Ⅱ式者。(3)经胃镜和病理活组织检查确诊为残胃炎并排除恶性病变者。(4)GI图像清晰,读片一致,诊断明确。由2位富有经验的放射科医生对所有GI材料进行回顾性分析。他们均不知道每份材料的其他检查结果,按以下标准读片:(1)胃黏膜皱襞宽度≥5mm或较其他部位胃黏膜皱襞显著增厚(限局性)即诊断为胃黏膜皱襞增厚[2]。(2)吻合口直径≤9mm即诊断为吻合口狭窄[3]。(3)由上述2位医师确定有龛影者即诊断为溃疡。(4)由上述2位医师根据经验确定有斑点样钡斑或其他糜烂性胃炎X线征象的存在即诊断为胃黏膜糜烂。东芝KXO-15C胃肠机所摄胶片为非数字化图像,直接在胶片图像上测量长度。西门子SIREGRAPH FR胃肠机和西门子POLYDOROS SX80胃肠机所摄图像为数字化图像,长度根据图像上所附标尺或PACS上所附标尺进行测量。我院共有3种检验消化道幽门螺杆菌感染的方法:(1)病理学幽门螺杆菌阳性标准:由病理科对病理活检组织进行Giemsa染色如为阳性即为幽门螺杆菌阳性。(2)碳14尿素呼吸试验。(3)幽门螺杆菌抗体。本组只以病理学Giemsa染色为标准[4]。

  1.4  统计学方法  各种X线征象单独统计例数。所有数据采用Intercooled Stata 7.0统计软件中的Fisher检验进行统计学分析[2]。P<0.05即认为差异有显著性。

  2  结果

  按照病例筛选标准,共筛选出52例,男32例,女20例。年龄39~83岁,平均(65.64±12.09)岁。术后2周~27年,平均(8.73±6.91)年,其中毕罗Ⅰ式(10.25±9.37)年,毕罗Ⅱ式(5.17±4.22)年。出现的症状包括腹胀48例,嗳气和反酸39例,进食梗阻感31例,恶心呕吐16例,腹痛10例,柏油样便5例。

  胃黏膜皱襞增厚共42例(80.77%),平均厚度6.3mm,范围5~17mm。吻合口狭窄共7例(13.46%),平均直径6.4mm,范围3~8mm。残胃溃疡3例(5.77%)。残胃黏膜糜烂7例(13.46%)。毕罗Ⅰ式19例,幽门螺杆菌感染阳性11例(57.89%);毕罗Ⅱ式33例,幽门螺杆菌感染阳性14例(42.42%)(Fisher检验P>0.05)。

  52例筛选出的病例中,25例幽门螺杆菌阳性,27例幽门螺杆菌阴性。25例幽门螺杆菌阳性病例中有胃黏膜皱襞增厚者23例(92.00%)(图1),27例幽门螺杆菌阴性病例中有19例(70.37%),两组间经Fisher检验P<0.05。幽门螺杆菌阳性病例中有吻合口狭窄者6例(24.00%)(图2),幽门螺杆菌阴性病例中有1例(3.70%)(P<0.001)。幽门螺杆菌阳性病例中有残胃溃疡1例(4.00%),幽门螺杆菌阴性病例中有2例(7.41%)(图3)(P>0.05)。幽门螺杆菌阳性病例中有胃黏膜糜烂3例(12.00%),幽门螺杆菌阴性病例中有4例(14.81%)(图4)(P>0.05)。其余未见明显阳性X线征象。见表1。

  表1  幽门螺杆菌阳性或阴性残胃炎的各种影像特征  (略)

  3  讨论

  幽门螺杆菌被认为是导致残胃炎和进一步导致残胃癌的重要病因之一,消除幽门螺杆菌可预防残胃癌的发生[5,6]。还有学者在残胃恶性淋巴瘤中检测到幽门螺杆菌[7]。残胃幽门螺杆菌感染不易引起患者的临床症状[8],如腹痛、恶心、呕吐等,这直接影响着临床医师对残胃炎的诊断和治疗。本组中幽门螺杆菌阳性组出现较重症状(如进食梗噎感、腹痛、恶心、呕吐、柏油样便等)患者占该组总患者比例(26.63%)要比幽门螺杆菌阴性组(69.15%)低,这与文献报道一致。而各检查项目齐全病例组有较重症状患者比例(46.11%)则比各检查项目不齐全组(20.38%)高,这可能与患者因症状而就医意愿增高有关。现在临床上采用阿莫西林和奥美拉唑联合治疗法可清除残胃中的幽门螺杆菌[9]。因此,认识其X线征象有重要临床意义。

  与胃镜比较,钡检在胃肠病变诊断的定位、定性、定形、观察范围、盲区、动态观察、安全性、费用、易接受性等8个可比项目中至少在6项中占有优势[10]。而在对上消化道手术后病例做检查时,这6方面优势尤其是钡检的安全性和易接受性等的优势就更突出。认识幽门螺杆菌感染性残胃炎,尤其对于那些不能做胃镜检查或胃镜检查不满意的病例中其临床价值就更大。

  Konturek等[11]通过对蒙古沙鼠的实验研究发现,幽门螺杆菌能抑制胃黏膜泌酸功能、破坏胃黏膜毛细血管壁、大幅降低微循环血流量。由于HP-16SrRNA、CagA和VacA的表达、炎症细胞的浸润、血浆胃泌素浓度的下降和胃腔内生长抑素浓度升高等一系列连锁反应,胃小凹泌酸黏膜中腺体增生,黏膜皱襞增厚就逐渐形成。显微镜下这些胃腺体表现出明显的膨大,并且分化低下。这说明幽门螺杆菌主要引起胃黏膜皱襞增生性病变。本组中25例幽门螺杆菌阳性病例中有23例(92.00%)胃黏膜皱襞增厚,27例幽门螺杆菌阴性病例中有19例(70.37%)胃黏膜皱襞增厚,两组间经Fisher检验P<0.01。此结果和Konturek研究出的机制符合。显然,吻合口处更易感染幽门螺杆菌[12],就更易引起吻合口处胃黏膜皱襞增厚而隆起,从而引起该处的狭窄。本组幽门螺杆菌阳性中有6例(24.00%)吻合口狭窄,幽门螺杆菌阴性中有1例(3.70%)吻合口狭窄(P<0.001)。其中1例患者经过抗幽门螺杆菌治疗1个月后又过3个月,未经球囊扩张,复查GI显示其吻合口明显扩大(图5)。
   
  有文献报道肠—残胃反流可清除残胃内幽门螺杆菌,毕罗Ⅱ式较毕罗Ⅰ式更易反流,因此,毕罗Ⅱ式幽门螺杆菌感染率明显较毕罗Ⅰ式低[13];并且和手术后时间有关,时间越长,清除得越干净[8,14]。本组中毕罗Ⅰ式19例,幽门螺杆菌感染阳性11例(57.89%)。毕罗Ⅱ式33例,幽门螺杆菌感染阳性14例(42.42%)。两组间幽门螺杆菌阳性率差异无显著性(Fisher检验P>0.05)。这或许和本组毕罗Ⅱ式病例的术后时间不太长有关[平均(5.17±4.22)年]。

  残胃癌多发生在吻合口处,发生率可高达75%[15]。但也有报道发生于吻合口处所占百分比并不高,多位于小弯侧(47%)和胃后壁(20%),多为隆起型(65%),也有凹陷型(33%)和平坦型(2%)[16]。可表现为吻合口处或其他部位胃黏膜皱襞毛糙僵硬,胃黏膜破坏,胃壁形态不对称、僵硬等,也可表现为不规则的溃疡和结节等。胃镜检查和病理活组织检查有助于明确诊断,但钡餐检查对判断狭窄吻合口远端的胃肠道黏膜病变较胃镜有明显优势。

  本组中最具统计学意义的是吻合口狭窄病例数在幽门螺杆菌阳性和阴性组之间的差异(P<0.001),也最具有实际临床意义。但也有学者认为吻合器的使用可引起吻合口狭窄,可通过改良使用吻合器方法来减少吻合口狭窄的发生率[17,18]。然而本组7例吻合口狭窄病例中,只有3例使用了吻合器,其比例并不高。临床上,清除幽门螺杆菌后吻合口仍不扩张时可考虑使用球囊扩张或自膨胀支架。此时,幽门螺杆菌的清除还可减少球囊扩张后撕裂性溃疡的发生[19]。

  总之,幽门螺杆菌可能主要引起残胃黏膜增生性病变,相应地则在双对比影像上出现胃黏膜皱襞增厚和吻合口狭窄,而残胃溃疡和胃黏膜糜烂不能表示有幽门螺杆菌感染。

  【参考文献】

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  2  Dheer S,Levine MS,Redfern RO,et al.Radiographically diagnosed antral gastritis:findings in patients with and without Helicobacter pylori infection.Br J Radiol,2002,75(898):805-811.

  3  Lam YH,Lau JY,Fung TM,et al.Endoscopic balloon dilation for benign gastric outlet obstruction with or without Helicobacter pylori infection.Gastrointest Endosc,2004,60(2):229-233.

  4  Lahner E,Vaira D,Figura N,et al.Role of noninvasive tests (C-urea breath test and stool antigen test) as additional tools in diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with atrophic body gastritis.Helicobacter,2004,9(5):436-442.

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  6  Giuliani A,Caporale A,Demoro M,et al.Gastric cancer precursor lesions and helicobacter pylori infection in patients with partial gastrectomy for peptic ulcer.World J Surg,2005,29(9):1127-1130.

  7  Oshita H,Tanemura H,Kanno A,et al.Malignant lymphoma occurring in the residualstomach following gastrectomy:plus discussion based on the literature in Japan.Gastric Cancer,2003,6(1):60-63.

  8  Onoda N,Maeda K,Sawada T,et al.Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric remnant after distal gastrectomy for primary gastric cancer.Gastric Cancer,2001,4(2):87-92.

  9  Rino Y,Imada T,Kabara T,et al.How to eradicate Helicobacter pylori using amoxicillin and omeprazole in the remnant stomach.Hepatogastroenterology,2003,50(54):2267-2269.

  10  尚克中,程英升.中国胃肠双对比造影现状的调查分析.世界华人消化杂志,2000,8:54.

  11  Konturek PC,Brzozowski T,Konturek SJ,et al.Functional and morphological aspects of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer in Mongolian gerbils.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2003,15(7):745-754.

  12  Namiot A,Namiot Z,Stasiewicz J,et al.Mucosal adenosine deaminase activity and gastritis histology:a comparative study of partially resected and intact stomachs.Med Sci Monit,2003,9(1):CR24-28.

  13  Fukuhara K,Osugi H,Takada N,et al.Duodenogastric reflux eradicates Helicobacter pylori after distal gastrectomy.Hepatogastroenterology,2004,51(59):1548-1550.

  14  Kim ES,Park DK,Hong SH,et al.Helicobacter pylori infection in the remnant stomach after radical subtotal gastrectomy.Korean J Gastroenterol,2003,42(2):108-114.

  15  Takeda J,Toyonaga A,Koufuji K,et al.Early gastric cancer in the remnant stomach.Hepatogastroenterology,1998,45(23):1907-1911.

  16  Kaneko K,Kondo H,Saito D,et al.Early gastric stump cancer following distal gastrectomy.Gut,1998,43(3):342-344.

  17  Ustundag Y,Koseoglu T,Cetin F,et al.Self-expandable metallic stent therapy of esophagojejunal stricture in a stapled anastomosis:a case report and review of the literature.Dig Surg,2001,18(3):211-213.

  18  Takeuchi K,Tsuzuki Y,Ando T,et al.A modified stapling technique for performing Billroth I anastomosis after distal gastrectomy.World J Surg,2005,29(1):113-115.

  19  Lam YH,Lau JY,Fung TM,et al.Endoscopic balloon dilation for benign gastric outlet obstruction with or without Helicobacter pylori infection.Gastrointest Endosc,2004,60(2):229-233.

  作者单位: 201200上海,上海市浦东新区人民医院放射影像科

  (编辑:宋  晓)

作者: 钱学群顾强文峰谢禹昌 2006-9-3
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