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Dopuin/Cox17p:一种新的生物能量调节活性肽*

来源:《中华现代中西医杂志》
摘要:【摘要】Dopuin/Cox17p是新近从酵母和猪小肠中发现和鉴定的一种生物活性肽,分子量8057D左右,加工成熟的活性形式由62个氨基酸残基组成。现将Dopuin/Cox17p肽的生理功能及其基因表达调节方面的有关研究进行综述如下。【关键词】Dopuin/Cox17p。铜,转运Dopuin/Cox17p:anewbioactivepeptideL......

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【摘要】  Dopuin/Cox17p是新近从酵母和猪小肠中发现和鉴定的一种生物活性肽,分子量8057 D左右,加工成熟的活性形式由62个氨基酸残基组成。从DNA和蛋白质数据库中发现,动物中的疟原虫、疟蚊、果蝇和鲨、蛇,以及植物中的拟南芥均存在对应肽,鼠和人的cDNA库中也有对应序列。尽管因种属不同在一级结构上略有差异,但其N端脯氨酸密集,22、23、25、35、44和54位点为6个半胱氨酸,从猪小肠纯化肽的3对链内二硫桥键已定位。在酵母中,此肽主要分布于线粒体内膜,捕获细胞膜上的Cu+,为氧化还原复合多酶体系成员,在呼吸链末端传递电子将O2还原为H2O。同时,它在内分泌系统中起着激素的作用。现将Dopuin/Cox17p肽的生理功能及其基因表达调节方面的有关研究进行综述如下。此肽与机体能量代谢的酶活性相关,有重要理论和临床研究价值。

【关键词】  Dopuin/Cox17p;氧化磷酸化;腺苷酸酰化;铜,转运


     Dopuin/Cox17p:a new bioactive peptide

    LI Fa-fang,CHEN Zheng-wang.Science Experiment Center,Youjiang National Medical College,Baise 533000,China

    [Abstract]    Dopuin/Cox17p is a new bioactive peptide which has been demonstrated in yeast and porcine intestine recently.They are about 8057 Da which consist of 62-residue.According to Swiss-PROT,they also exist in plasmodium,anopheles,drosophila,king cobra and shark.cDNA sequence of mouse and human are homologous.Though their primary structure are different with their species,they all have rich proline exists in N-terminal and 6-Cys locates in 22,23,25,35,44 and 54.Three intrachain disulphide bonds have been found in porcine intestine peptide.They locates in the membrane of mitochondria in yeast.When they go out to cell membrane they capture Cu+,and now are accepted as a new member of polyoxidoreductase.They take part in the electron transformation and the reduction of oxygen to water.Also,They act as hormone in nerve and endocrine system.This article summarizes the expression and the function of dopuin/Cox17p in creatures.We think that it’s necessary to develop their relative drugs,because they take high interaction with the enzyme’s activation of energy metabolisming and human disease of copper absent.

    [Key words]  dopuin/Cox17p;oxidative phosphorylation;deadenylation;copper transportation

    现代社会物质极大丰富,脑力工作时间多于体力工作时间,体能储藏多,消耗少。生理性患病危险因素的生物学根源是脂、淀粉等高能量物质吸取太多,将体内的脂、淀粉分解成能量消耗的能力低下,大量粥样脂肪沉积在血管内表面,使动静脉血管管腔狭窄、血压升高、血管脆性增加、冠状动脉同样成为粥样硬化、狭窄而心肌供血不足,导致心绞痛、心

    肌梗死、心律失常或心力衰竭等,更严重者可导致呼吸停止。针对该症状筛选生物能量活性肽,激活细胞产能代谢,促进人体细胞活力,增加脂肪代谢,降低血脂。开发健康食品,提高Dopuin/Cox17p蛋白质供应量,增强机体能量代谢,让人们在工作生活中充满活力。

    1  Dopuin/Cox17p的发现及其在生物体中的分布

    当寻找新的胃肠多肽激素时,Chen等[1]1997年从猪小肠中分离得到了一种含62个氨基酸的多肽,命名为dopuin:do意为多(many);pu即脯,脯氨酸(proline);in,音为因(factor);即一个富含脯氨酸的多肽因子,其链内二硫桥键已被定位(图1)。Glerum等[2]1996年发现了一个酵母基因的产物,是组装细胞色素氧化酶(cytochrome-oxidase)复合体的成员,命名Cox17p。1997年,Amaravadi等[3]克隆出一种与人肌肉功能相关的蛋白,其功能和酵母Cox17p一致,也称之为Cox17p,其氨基酸排列和Dopuin有94%的同源性,它们是存在于不同生物中的同一功能蛋白(肽),文献中统称Dopuin/Cox17p。

    Beers等[4]利用酵母表达并纯化出Dopuin/Cox17p,发现每摩尔蛋白中含0.2~0.3 mol铜。将完整线粒体置于低渗条件下,又发现其中大部分Dopuin/Cox17p以可溶性蛋白质释放出去,这表明Cox17p存在于线粒体膜上[5]。Dopuin/Cox17p属于核编码蛋白,在细胞质中为二聚体,运输到线粒体内膜组织为呼吸链复合酶体系时,则折叠成四聚体行使功能,在生理状态下以20 mM稳定存在。经Northern杂交检测,它在神经、内分泌细胞的含量远高于成纤维细胞。脑内的Dopuin/Cox17p主要位于垂体,含量在出生前后明显不同,在胚胎发育早期的心脏中即有表达。这些发现有助于了解个体在不同发育时期不同组织的功能。

    Dopuin/Cox17p广泛存在于进行有氧呼吸的动、植物中[6,7]。用人类cDNA转化酵母Cox17突变株,能使该基因丧失的酵母线粒体呼吸功能得到恢复。植物拟南芥AtCox17p与Cox17p的功能完全一致。

    2  基因结构

    Dopuin/Cox17p的基因结构已经研究[8~10]。人的基因,位于染色体3长臂,约8 kb,可编码450 bp。老鼠位于16号染色体,有6 kb,含3个外显子。老鼠cDNA实验证明,起始密码子上游的80 bp处富含GC片断,能结合Sp1的转录因子,转录起始点不含TATA/CAAT框,但含有Cox17p亚基的NRF-1和NRF-2的转录因子结合位点。和氧化还原复合酶其他基因的转录机制一样,Sp1、NRF-1和NRF-2位于该基因5’端-155-70 bp转录片断内,为主要转录起始点。基因启动子位于第一个外显子一侧的85 bp处,多聚腺苷酰化位点则在转录终止子下游的3233和3293处。

    3  基因表达及调节

    在神经细胞中,线粒体功能蛋白在突触前神经末端合成[11]。酵母中mRNA的剪接从多聚A尾开始,多聚腺苷酸酰化通常由mRNA 3’端非编码区(3’-UTRs:3’-untranslated regions)成分调控。Pufp(Pumilio家族)包含JSN1/PUF1、PUF2、PUF3、PUF4和MPT5/PUF5,是3’-UTRs的反式作用因子,能提高腺苷酸酰化比率[12]。PUF3结合到mRNA 3’-UTRs,活化腺苷酸酰化酶(Ccr4p/Pop2p/Not),促进mRNA的剪切[13]。Pab1p[poly(A) binding protein]从多聚A尾上解离能限制腺苷酸酰化比例。Dopuin/Cox17p基因结构、表达与调节见图2。

    4  蛋白质结构及功能

    研究者分别从酵母DNA、小鼠RT-PCR扩增片断、猪内纯化活性肽和人的cDNA中分析了Dopuin/Cox17p的氨基酸序列。酵母与人的序列一致性为24%,鼠与人的一致性为92%,猪与人的一致性为94%,见图3。

    Dopuin/Cox17p分子量为8057 Da左右,是电子传递链中细胞色素氧化酶(cytochrom-oxidase:CCO,又称细胞色素aa3复合物)的组分。每个单分子螯合3个Cu+,所形成的三角形单体被X射线光谱和紫外光谱验证[14,15]。傅立叶变换(FT:Fourier transform)显示了二铜核复合体[16]。酵母中铜的吸收,见图4。Dopuin/Cox17p之所以能稳定运送Cu2+到线粒体内膜,是因为Cu+结合到该蛋白的Cys-Cys-Xaa-Cys中[17],它使得这一功能在物种中高度保守。该复合体保存了球状折叠模式[18],球中螯合Cu+的界面氨基酸残基互补,从而减小了运送过程中的活性障碍[19]。Cu+在细胞色素传递电子及氧化还原反应中发生价态变化(Cu+~Cu2+),每次将电子从细胞色素氧化酶传递给O2能产生103.8 kJ/mol能量。Dopuin/Cox17p只有在胚胎形成6.5天[20]以后才能组装复合酶体,在线粒体的能量代谢中表现酶活性。Dopuin/Cox17p突变后,呼吸功能可被Sco1p恢复[21],Sco1p将色素复合酶体锚定膜上[22],是线粒体内膜蛋白[23]。人工Dopuin/Cox17p与天然产物一样,微摩尔浓度即能明显促进成纤维细胞NIH3T3成活。它不仅是呼吸链复合酶体的功能成分,也在内分泌系统中起作用,能微弱抑制胰腺胰岛素分泌。
 
    5  其他

    缺铜动物肝脏、心脏、肾脏、脑、小肠、脾、胸腺和骨髓的酶活性均降低,但含铜过量则会产生毒副作用。大脑脉络膜复合体通过吞、吐方式调整大脑中铜的浓度[24]。到目前为止,发现至少有三种蛋白(Cox17p、Sco1p和Sco2p)与Cu+运输到呼吸链有关[25],人呼吸链复合酶含5个基因:Bcs1,Cox15,Pet112,Cox11和Sco 1[26]。在同一生物体中,金属硫蛋白(MT:metallothionein)是目前唯一已知和Dopuin/Cox17p同源的蛋白质,它们以同样的机制运送不同的金属离子到线粒体膜[27],氨基酸(如Lys)突变会抑制线粒体能量代谢的酶活性[28]。根据目前研究状况,进一步开展Dopuin/Cox17p的理论和应用研究,对丰富保健、临床药品、增强人体活力具有不可替代的作用。

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作者单位:533000 广西百色,右江民族医学院科学实验中心

作者: 李发芳,陈正望 2008-6-30
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