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【摘要】
Background- Inhibition of GPVI has been proposed as a useful antithrombotic strategy; however, in vivo proof-of-concept animal studies targeting GPVI are lacking. We evaluated a novel anti-human GPVI monoclonal antibody OM4 Fab in rats.
Methods and Results- OM4 Fab specifically inhibited collagen-induced aggregation of rat platelets in vitro with an IC 50 of 20 to 30 µg/mL but not ADP and AA-induced platelet aggregation. After intravenous administration of OM4 Fab, a rapid inhibition of ex vivo platelet aggregation was observed with a gradual recovery within 60 to 90 minutes which corresponded to the decline in OM4 Fab plasma concentration and time-dependent decrease in platelet-bound OM4 Fab. In contrast to previous reports in mice, intravenous OM4 Fab did not deplete platelet GPVI. Injection of OM4 IgG caused acute thrombocytopenia. In a modified Folts model of cyclic flow reduction in rat carotid artery, the number of complete occlusions was significantly reduced by intravenous administration of OM4 Fab (20 mg/kg) before or after mechanical injury to the vessel, without prolongation of bleeding time.
Conclusion- Fab fragment of the monoclonal antibody OM4 effectively inhibits collagen induced platelet aggregation in vitro and ex vivo, and in vivo thrombosis in rats without prolonging bleeding time. Antibodies against GPVI may have therapeutic potential, inhibiting thrombosis without prolonging bleeding time.
The Fab fragment of a novel anti-human GPVI monoclonal antibody, OM4, inhibited ex vivo collagen-induced aggregation of rat platelets and thrombosis in vivo without the prolongation of bleeding time or GPVI-depletion. The inhibition was short-lived (30 to 45 minutes) with full recovery in 90 minutes. Inhibition of GPVI may be a viable antithrombotic strategy.
【关键词】 glycoprotein VI platelet aggregation thrombosis bleeding time
Introduction
Arterial thrombosis resulting from platelet aggregation is one of the leading causes of myocardial infarction, stroke. and peripheral occlusive arterial disease. Thus, it is not surprising that antiplatelet and antithrombotic treatments have become standard therapies for these life-threatening and debilitating conditions. Currently prescribed drugs include aspirin, antagonists of ADP, and GPIIb/IIIa receptors. Although these treatments are usually effective, they are associated with an increased risk of bleeding. 1
Recent evidence suggests that direct inhibition of the platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) may be an effective means of preventing thrombosis without increasing the bleeding risk. 2-4 Arterial thrombosis is often initiated by the interaction of platelets with components of the blood vessel wall that have been exposed either by damage, or by a pathological process, such as atherosclerosis. Fibrillar collagen is the most thrombogenic component of the subendothelium, which, in addition to supporting platelet adhesion, is also a potent platelet activator. The interaction between platelets and collagen first involves adhesion and subsequently activation, leading to a second phase of adhesion, secretion, and, ultimately, aggregation involving GPIb binding to collagen via von Willebrand Factor (vWF) followed by platelet collagen receptors GPVI and GPIa/IIa. 5 The potential for blocking GPVI as a novel antithrombotic strategy has been demonstrated by both clinical and experimental evidence that platelets lacking GPVI are unable to respond to collagen and that mice, or humans with GPVI deficiency, exhibit only a modest elevation of bleeding time. 6-12 Several attempts have been made to develop antibodies that block the interaction of platelet and GPVI, 2,13-15 but the antibodies described so far have low potency and in vivo evaluation is lacking, with only a few reports using mice. 3,16,17 We have recently developed 3 monoclonal antibodies (OM1, OM2, and OM4) by the immunization of GPVI knockout mice with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing high amounts of human GPVI. 18 Although the Fab fragments from all 3 antibodies inhibit collagen-induced aggregation of human platelets in vitro, only OM2 Fab effectively inhibits collagen-induced aggregation of monkey platelets. Administration of OM2 Fab in Cynomolgus monkeys causes protracted inhibition of ex vivo collagen-induced platelet aggregation, with only a slight transient elevation of template bleeding time. 19 Although it is essential to examine the antithrombotic efficacy of drugs in vivo, such types of experiments are difficult and expensive to perform in large animals.
Here we report that OM4 Fab cross-reacts with rat platelets, allowing the study of this antibody in rats. We evaluated the effect of OM4 Fab on agonist-induced platelet aggregation in vitro and the inhibition of ex vivo collagen-induced platelet aggregation after intravenous administration in rats. In addition, we examined the effect of OM4 Fab in a cyclic flow reduction (CFR) model, or Folts-type model. 20,21 Moreover, the effect of OM4 Fab on hemostasis was examined by measuring tail- and nail-bleeding times. We used the F(ab') 2 fragment of 7E3, a murine anti-human integrin IIb ß 3 (GPIIb/IIIa) antibody for comparison.
Materials and Methods
For detailed description of the methods, please see the supplemental materials available online at http://atvb.ahajournals.org.
Chemicals
All the chemicals were obtained from commercial sources.
Antibody Preparation and Labeling
Anti-GPVI antibody-producing clones were isolated from GPVI knockout mice inoculated with CHO cells coexpressing human GPVI and FcR using conventional hybridoma methods. 18
Platelet Aggregation
For in vitro platelet aggregation studies, OM4 Fab, or 7E3 F(ab') 2 was added to the diluted whole blood 5 minutes before collagen addition, and comparisons were made side-by-side with saline, OM4 Fab-, and 7E3 F(ab') 2 -treated samples from the same animal; samples from 3 to 4 rats were evaluated for each treatment. To determine the agonist specificity, we determined the effect of a high concentration of OM4 Fab (100 µg/mL) on aggregation induced by ADP (2.5 µmol/L), or arachidonic acid (0.75 mmol/L), using similar protocols as with collagen.
For ex vivo platelet aggregation, a small sample of blood was withdrawn from the carotid artery before and after administration of the drug for determination of platelet count and the degree of platelet aggregation elicited by 1 µg/mL collagen (determined in triplicate). Dose escalation studies were performed with both OM4 Fab and 7E3 F(ab') 2 to find the amount of antibodies needed to inhibit ex vivo collagen-induced platelet aggregation to the same extent. It was found that 20 minutes after the injection of 20 mg/kg OM4 Fab, or 10 mg/kg 7E3 F(ab') 2 resulted in a similar inhibition ( 80%). Using 20 mg/kg OM4 Fab, we then performed a time-course study of ex vivo platelet aggregation.
Determination of Plasma OM4 Concentration
Plasma OM4 Fab concentration was measured by sandwich ELISA.
Determination of GPVI Level and Platelet-Bound OM4 Fab Using Western Blotting
Platelet proteins were resolved on SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. GPVI and OM4 Fab bands were visualized with HRP-conjugated OM4 IgG /ECL reagent and HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG/ECL reagent respectively.
Cyclic Flow Reduction Model
To examine the effect of OM4 Fab, 2 treatments were used: pre- and post-injury administration, as shown in supplemental Figure II. In the post-injury protocol (n=6), CFRs were initiated by mechanical injury and 50% flow reduction. Blood flow was observed for 15 minutes to confirm the reproducibility of CFRs, and animals were then given an intravenous bolus injection of saline (Saline-Post), or OM4 Fab (20 mg/kg; OM4-Post) and CFRs were recorded for an additional 30 minutes. Comparison of OM4 Fab with an anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody was performed in the same rat by injecting 7E3 F(ab') 2 (5 mg/kg) 1 hour after the injection of OM4 Fab. Five mg/kg of 7E3 F(ab') 2 was chosen because this dose produced a similar reduction in CFR as that induced by OM4 Fab at 20 mg/kg in preliminary studies. In the pre-injury protocols (n=8), either saline (Saline-Pre) or OM4 (OM4-Pre) was given by an intravenous bolus injection 2 minutes before the mechanical injury was applied. CFRs were recorded for 30 minutes after the injection of saline or OM4 Fab.
Bleeding Time Determination
Nail-bleeding time was determined by cutting a hind limb toenail at a point that transected the nail pulp and absorbing the blood every 15 seconds using a piece of filter paper. To minimize the variation between animals, nail-bleeding time was normalized as the percentage change in duration before and after treatment. Tail-bleeding time was also determined 30 minutes after the administration of antibody or saline by removing the terminal 3 mm of the tail, using a sharp scalpel blade and immersing the distal 2 cm into 37°C saline. Three groups of 9 rats per group were evaluated after the injection of saline, OM4 Fab (20 mg/kg), or 7E3 F(ab') 2 (5 mg/kg).
Statistics
Data are expressed as mean±SD. The level of statistical significance was set at P <0.05. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance), followed by a post hoc Tukey test, using Sigma Stat 2.03 (Jandel Corporation). Data for aggregation and bleeding time were not normally distributed, and thus were ranked before analysis.
Results
In Vitro and Ex Vivo Platelet Aggregation
The detailed characterization of OM1 and OM2 Fabs is described in a recent publication. 18 The comparison of species cross-reactivity of OM4 Fab with that of OM1 and OM2 Fabs is summarized supplemental Table I, and the specificity of OM4 Fab against collagen-induced aggregations is demonstrated in supplemental Figure I.
In vitro inhibitory activity of OM4 Fab was compared with 7E3 F(ab') 2, a thoroughly characterized and a widely used antiaggregatory antibody: collagen-induced rat platelet aggregation was similarly inhibited by OM4 Fab and 7E3 F(ab') 2 ( Figure 1 A). The IC 50 values for inhibition ranged 20 to 30 µg/mL for both antibodies.
Figure 1. Panel A shows the effects of OM4 Fab and 7E3 F(ab') 2 on collagen (1 to 2 µg/mL)-induced aggregation of rat platelets in vitro (n=3 to 4). Aggregation is expressed as a percentage of the value obtained before each treatment. 7E3 F(ab') 2 and OM4 inhibited in vitro platelet aggregation with similar potency in a concentration-dependent manner. Panel B shows that OM4 Fab at 20 mg/kg time-dependently inhibited ex vivo collagen (1 to 2 µg/mL)-induced platelet aggregation. Aggregation is expressed as a percentage of the baseline value (n=3 to 6). Panel C shows the rapid clearance of the injected OM4 Fab from the rat plasma (n=2). Panel D shows a rapid and severe thrombocytopenia after administration of OM4 IgG (20 mg/kg), whereas the administration of OM4 Fab (20 mg/kg) had minimal effect on platelet counts (n=4). Table inset in panel D shows dramatic prolongation of bleeding time in OM4 IgG-administered rats but no significant changes in saline and OM4 Fab-treated rats (n=4).
Intravenous administration of OM4 Fab (20 mg/kg) in rats resulted in a rapid inhibition of ex vivo collagen-induced platelet aggregation that recovered with time, corresponding to a 50% recovery in 30 to 45 minutes ( Figure 1 B). The short-lived effect of OM4 Fab correlates with its rapid clearance from plasma. At the 5-minute time point, OM4 Fab plasma concentration has the highest value, which declined with time reaching 5% at 90 minutes after administration ( Figure 1 C).
Similar inhibition was observed on ex vivo collagen-induced platelet aggregation, 20 minutes after the administration of 20 mg/kg OM4 Fab (17±7% of the control) and 10 mg/kg 7E3 F(ab') 2 (22±3% of the control). Neither OM4 Fab nor 7E3 F(ab') 2 administration affected platelet count. Platelet counts were 853±193 x 10 3 /µL before versus 833±96 x 10 3 /µL after saline treatment, 842±178 x 10 3 /µL before versus 872±176 x 10 3 /µL after 7E3 F(ab') 2 treatment, and 810±102 x 10 3 /µL before versus 811±56 x 10 3 /µL after OM4 Fab treatment. Hemodynamics were not altered by OM4 Fab or 7E3 F(ab') 2 (data not shown).
To exclude the possibility of anti-GPVI antibody-induced acute thrombocytopenia reported previously by several investigators, 3,11,22,23 we examined the effect of OM4 IgG and OM4 Fab administration on the time-dependent (0 to 90 minutes) changes in platelet counts and bleeding time (90 minutes after antibody administration) in a separate set of animals. Administration of OM4 IgG (20 mg/kg) to rats resulted in a precipitous fall in platelet count as early as 5 minutes with no sign of recovery until 90 minutes, whereas OM4 Fab (20 mg/kg) administration had minimal effect on platelet count ( Figure 1 D). The tail bleeding time was prolonged over 30 minutes in OM4 IgG-treated rats while saline and OM4 Fab-administered rats exhibited essentially similar tail bleeding times (table inset, Figure 1 D). A rapid and severe thrombocytopenia and prolongation of tail bleeding time in OM4 IgG-treated but not in OM4 Fab-treated rats may be attributable to activation/aggregation of platelets by OM4 IgG.
Platelet GPVI Content and OM4 Fab Levels
Western blot analysis of recovered washed platelets at various time points after administration of OM4 Fab (20 mg/kg) revealed that the GPVI content of the circulating platelets remains essentially unchanged over time ( Figure 2 ). However, during the same period platelet-bound OM4 Fab content declined rapidly ( Figure 2 ). These results agree with our earlier observation that a single administration of OM2 Fab in monkeys does not deplete platelet GPVI, 19 contrary to previous observations in mice. 3
Figure 2. Time-dependent changes in GPVI content and platelet-bound OM4 Fab after OM4 Fab administration in rats. In each case representative blots are shown (n=2). Because of the limitation in the amount of blood that could be drawn from one animal, the GPVI content at 5 minutes time point was not measured. GPVI content of platelets remained unchanged up to 90 minutes, whereas platelet-bound OM4 content declined in a time-dependent fashion.
In Vivo Thrombosis
OM4 Fab at 20 mg/kg was effective in reducing thrombosis when administered either pre- or post-injury. Representative blood flow measurements from saline- (Saline-Post and Saline-Pre) and OM4 Fab- (OM4-Post and OM4-Pre) treated rats are shown in Figure 3. In some cases occlusion of the artery was completely prevented by OM4 Fab.
Figure 3. Representative carotid artery mean blood flow recordings are shown for the 4 groups. The arrow indicates when the injection of the drug was performed. The y -axis is the averaged carotid blood flow (mL/min), and the x -axis is the time elapsed since the start of the recording. In the post-injury treatment groups (Saline-Post and OM4-Post), CFRs were established and observed for 15 minutes. The animal then received either a bolus intravenous injection of saline or OM4 Fab (20 mg/kg). In the Pre-injury treatment groups (Saline-Pre and OM4-Pre), rats were administered either a bolus intravenous injection of saline or OM4 Fab (20 mg/kg), followed by mechanical injury and the initiation of CFRs, which were observed and recorded for 30 minutes.
Flow data were quantified by counting CFRs (defined by a reduction of blood flow to zero) during the 30-minute observation period. OM4 Fab, given either after or before the establishment of CFRs, significantly reduced the number of CFRs compared with saline treated animals ( Figure 4 ). A similar attenuation was observed following the administration of 5 mg/kg 7E3 F(ab') 2 in the post-injury group.
Figure 4. A, OM4 Fab administered either pre- or post-injury significantly reduced CFRs. For the post-injury group (n=6): OM4 Fab at 20 mg/kg and 7E3 F(ab') 2 at 5 mg/kg administered after mechanical injury reduced the number of complete occlusions to a similar degree. For the pre-injury group (n=8): OM4 Fab at 20 mg/kg given immediately before the mechanical injury also reduced the number of complete occlusions. * P <0.002; # P <0.02. B, Effect of OM4 Fab and 7E3 F(ab') 2 administration on nail (n=9) and tail bleeding time (n=9). Neither OM4 Fab (20 mg/kg) nor saline treatment prolonged bleeding time, whereas 7E3 F(ab') 2 (5 mg/kg) significantly prolonged bleeding time. * P <0.005; # P <0.001.
Bleeding Time Changes
OM4 Fab (20 mg/kg) did not prolong either nail- or tail-bleeding time, whereas 7E3 F(ab') 2 (5 mg/kg) caused a doubling of both parameters ( Figure 4, right panels). The differences in tail bleeding times seen in Figure 1 D and Figure 4 in controls and OM4 Fab administered animals are probably attributable to the fact that the measurements were performed at different time points (30 minutes in Figure 4 versus 90 minutes post treatment in Figure 1 D), and variation between two operators as they were performed by two individuals.
Discussion
GPVI has now been recognized as a major collagen receptor, crucial for platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. 2,4,5 Recognition of GPVI as a promising therapeutic target is supported by several observations: platelets from GPVI-deficient humans and mice do not respond to collagen, 6-12 the most thrombogenic component of the subendothelium. Collagen-induced platelet aggregation and lethal thromboembolism in mice was inhibited by the administration of an anti-mouse GPVI antibody (JAQ1). 3,24 Furthermore, platelet adhesion and aggregation on the injured vessel wall in mice is reportedly blocked by the administration of a soluble GPVI dimer in vivo, 17 although the effectiveness of such a dimer was later disputed. 25 Several observations indicate that GPVI inhibition may be safe: GPVI deficient humans and mice do not exhibit a excessive bleeding phenotype, 6-12 and the anti-mouse GPVI antibody (JAQ1) only moderately increased tail bleeding time in mice. 5 However, to fully address the question of whether blockade of platelet GPVI protects against the development of arterial thrombosis with minimal side effects, pharmacological agents with greater potency and effectiveness in species other than mice are needed. In pursuing the development of anti-GPVI antibodies, we have generated specific and potent anti-human GPVI monoclonal antibodies by the immunization of GPVI knockout mice. Three antibodies were obtained: OM1, OM2, and OM4. The detailed characterization of OM1 and OM2 has been described in a recent publication. 18 Fab fragments obtained from 3 antibodies potently inhibited collagen-induced human platelet aggregation. However, only OM4 Fab cross-reacted with rat platelets, providing a suitable tool to test the effectiveness of an anti-GPVI antibody in vivo. Interestingly, intact OM4 IgG administration in rats causes rapid and severe thrombocytopenia resulting in an excessive prolongation of bleeding time. This led us to use Fab fragment for the ensuing in vitro human and rat studies.
Using rat platelets, we demonstrated that the in vitro potency for the inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation was similar for OM4 Fab and 7E3 F(ab') 2. After an intravenous administration of OM4 Fab (20 mg/kg) in rats, collagen-induced ex vivo platelet aggregation was significantly inhibited. The magnitude of the inhibition was similar to that achieved by 7E3 F(ab') 2 at 10 mg/kg. Abciximab, the human/mouse chimeric Fab fragment of 7E3, is not effective in the rat and 7E3 IgG causes thrombocytopenia; thus it is necessary to use the F(ab') 2 fragment as an alternative. 26
Folts model 20,21 is probably the most often used in large laboratory animals (rats, rabbits, monkeys, and dogs) because of its close mimicking of clinical thrombus formation. An advantage of this model is that the effectiveness of a drug can be monitored over time; in addition, a comparison of the effectiveness of different drugs is possible in the same animal, if the half-lives are suitably short. By creating a severe stenosis, with 50% flow reduction, we were able to produce CFR in the rat carotid artery. This stenosis is different from most other studies using this model in which a so-called "critical" stenosis was applied causing no basal flow reduction, but with all vasodilatory reserves exhausted. 21 The successful establishment of this model allowed us to evaluate the effect of OM4 Fab and compare it with that of 7E3 F(ab') 2. OM4 Fab at 20 mg/kg significantly reduced the number of complete occlusions during the 30-minute observation period. 7E3 F(ab') 2 is also effective, as shown in this study and in a previous study using dogs. 27 Based on direct observations and blood flow recordings, it appears that platelets initially aggregated at the site of the injury, but often broke free spontaneously in OM4 Fab-treated rats. This suggests that the attachment of platelet aggregates to the exposed collagen may be weakened in the presence of OM4 Fab. Moreover, because collagen is a potent platelet activator and causes release of secondary mediators such as ADP and thromboxane A 2, 18 blocking GPVI with OM4 Fab may reduce the size and cohesiveness of the aggregates. Interestingly, OM4 Fab seems to be equally effective when given either before or after the injury. Future studies are required to explain the effectiveness of OM4 Fab with post-injury administration.
We observed that ex vivo collagen-induced aggregation and in vivo CFRs returned to initial values by about 40 minutes after the OM4 Fab injection. This is likely attributable to the fast renal clearance and rapid dissociation of OM4 Fab from platelet GPVI, as evident from OM4 Fab plasma concentration ( Figure 1 C) and Western blot analysis ( Figure 2 ). Reasons for the rapid dissociation of platelet-bound OM4 Fab may include its small size, low affinity for rat GPVI, and a rapid renal clearance from circulation, as shown for other Fab fragments. 28 The half-life of murine monoclonal antibodies in rats is short and is size-related: F(ab') 2 Fab. 28 However, the short half-life of OM4 Fab fortuitously allowed us to compare it with 7E3 F(ab') 2 in the same animal.
Ex vivo studies clearly showed that administration of OM4 Fab at 20 mg/kg and 7E3 F(ab') 2 at 10 mg/kg had similar inhibitory effect on collagen-induced aggregation of rat platelets. On the other hand, a comparable inhibitory effect by 7E3 F(ab') 2 on CFRs was seen at half that amount. One likely explanation is that in ex vivo studies collagen is the only aggregatory ligand, whereas under in vivo conditions platelets are exposed to multiple adhesion ligands and possibly locally generated thrombin under flow conditions. OM4 Fab inhibits only the collagen-platelet GPVI interaction, whereas 7E3 F(ab') 2 prevents aggregate formation by inhibiting bridging of GPIIb/IIIa molecules on adjoining platelets through fibrinogen or vWF, the ultimate step of platelet aggregation. Thus, it is not unexpected that whereas OM4 Fab and 7E3 F(ab') 2 may have similar potency on collagen-induced in vitro platelet aggregation, 7E3 F(ab') 2 is more potent in vivo.
OM4 Fab did not increase bleeding time, as measured by nail and tail bleeding times, which is consistent with the known function of GPVI in human and mice. In contrast, 7E3 F(ab') 2 at 5 mg/kg significantly prolonged bleeding time. Rats injected with a relatively large dose of OM4 Fab (20 mg/kg) did not exhibit any evidence of thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, CFRs returned in 40 minutes after a bolus injection, suggesting that functional GPVI remained on the platelet surface in these animals. To confirm this observation, we performed Western blotting analysis of GPVI expression on/in platelet after OM4 Fab injection. As suggested by the results of the ex vivo platelet aggregation study, the platelet GPVI level was not affected by the injection of OM4 Fab ( Figure 2 ). These results are at variance with the results obtained in JAQ1-treated mice, which experienced a profound depletion of GPVI on circulating platelets for at least 2 weeks subsequent to transient thrombocytopenia after a single bolus injection of anti-GPVI antibody. 3 In a recent study, nonactivating Fab fragments of anti-GPVI antibody were shown to induce GPVI shedding from human platelets in vivo using NOD/SCID mouse. 23 We should emphasize that other anti-GPVI antibodies apart from OM4 also failed to induce GPVI depletion: for example, OM2 Fab showed a clear inhibitory effect on ex vivo collagen-induced platelet aggregation in monkeys without causing thrombocytopenia, or GPVI depletion 24 hours after a single intravenous injection. 19 It is not clear whether the route of administration is responsible for difference as we injected OM2 and OM4 intravenously, whereas the other two studies used intraperitoneal route. Alternative explanations for the discrepant results may be the differences in the experimental species, or the properties of the antibody, ie, affinity, or the target epitope(s). Further studies may resolve these issues. Although, we made observations only up to 90 minutes, we do not anticipate any GPVI depletion in extended time periods because of a rapid clearance of OM4 Fab from plasma ( Figure 1 C) and its dissociation from platelets ( Figure 2 ).
The role of GPVI in arterial thrombus formation has not been supported in all the studies. FcR -chain null (FcR -/- ) lacking platelet GPVI 29,30 and GPVI-deficient mice 24 have been used to investigate the importance of GPVI in arterial thrombosis. Using 3 distinct arterial thrombosis models, namely electrical, mechanical, and laser injury models involving deep vascular injury, Mangin et al showed that GPVI deficiency alone does not provide significant protection. 29 However, a coadministration of thrombin inhibitor hirudin in GPVI-deficient mice results in a profound reduction in thrombus formation. 29 In addition, the results of another study using experimentally-induced vascular injury in FcR -/- mouse mesentery and cremaster muscle showed reduced thrombosis in FeCl 3 -induced vascular injury model but not in laser-induced injury model. 30 In the contrary, platelet tethering and thrombus formation on the injured carotid artery was almost abolished in GPVI-deficient mice (induced by JAQ1 injection) as compared with wild-type mice. 24 Contrasting observations made by various investigators probably reflect variations in the technique, most likely the severity of the vascular injury. A severe injury may generate an overwhelming amount of local thrombin resulting in the formation of fibrin-rich thrombus, thus masking the protective effect of GPVI-deficiency. Importantly, all these studies were performed in mice. It is imperative to validate GPVI as a therapeutic target and function blocking anti-GPVI antibody as an antithrombotic agent in other species. The current study is the first to verify the potential of GPVI inhibitors as novel antithrombotic agents in rats. Studies are on-going to evaluate the efficacy of our antibodies in other species.
In summary, the Fab fragment of a novel monoclonal anti-human GPVI antibody, OM4, inhibits in vitro and ex vivo collagen-induced rat platelet aggregation. More importantly, OM4 Fab inhibits thrombosis in vivo in a CFR model without the prolongation of bleeding time that is seen with anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibodies. The potential antithrombotic activity of anti-GPVI antibodies has now been shown in rats (this study) and in previous studies in mice. 3,24 Further studies are needed to investigate whether OM4 and the other anti-GPVI antibodies we generated can be developed for future clinical use.
Acknowledgments
Sources of Funding
This study was funded entirely by the Otsuka Maryland Medicinal Laboratories, Inc.
Disclosures
All the authors are the employees of Otsuka Maryland Medicinal Laboratories, Inc.
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作者单位：Department of Cardiology and Thrombosis, Otsuka Maryland Medicinal Laboratories Inc, Rockville, Md.