Acids and alkalis.
Name: |
Formula: |
Mw |
% (w/w) |
[M] |
g in 1L of subst. |
p [g/ml] |
ml/L for 1M sol. |
Sodium hydroxide |
NaOH |
40 |
50% |
19.1 |
763 |
1.53 |
52.4 |
30.1% |
10.0 |
400 |
1.329 |
100 |
10% |
2.75 |
111 |
1.11 |
363.6 |
Potassium hydroxide |
KOH |
56.1 |
50% |
13.5 |
757 |
1.52 |
74.1 |
23.06% |
5.0 |
280.6 |
1.217 |
200 |
10% |
1.94 |
109 |
1.09 |
515.5 |
Ammonium hydroxide |
NH4OH |
35.0 |
28% |
14.8 |
251 |
0.898 |
67.6 |
Acetic acid, glacial |
CH3COOH |
60.05 |
99.5% |
17.4 |
1045 |
1.05 |
57.5 |
Acetic acid |
36% |
6.27 |
376 |
1.045 |
159.5 |
Formic acid |
HCOOH |
46.02 |
90% |
23.4 |
1080 |
1.20 |
42.7 |
Hydrochloric acid |
HCl |
36.5 |
36% |
11.6 |
424 |
1.18 |
86.2 |
10% |
2.9 |
105 |
1.05 |
344.8 |
Nitric acid |
HNO3 |
63.02 |
71% |
15.99 |
1008 |
1.42 |
62.5 |
67% |
14.9 |
938 |
1.40 |
67.1 |
61% |
13.3 |
837 |
1.37 |
75.2 |
Perchloric acid |
HClO4 |
100.5 |
70% |
11.65 |
1172 |
1.67 |
85.8 |
60% |
9.2 |
923 |
1.54 |
108.7 |
Phosphoric acid |
H3PO4 |
98.0 |
85% |
18.1 |
1445 |
1.71 |
55.2 |
Sulfuric acid |
H2SO4 |
98.1 |
96% |
18.0 |
1766 |
1.84 |
55.6 | |
Detergents.
Detergent |
Tmelt |
Mw [Da] |
CMC |
monomer |
micelle |
%(w/v) |
M |
Anionic |
SDS |
206 |
288 |
18,000 |
0.23 |
8.0 x 10-3 |
Cholate |
201 |
430 |
4,300 |
0.60 |
1.4 x 10-2 |
Deoxycholate |
175 |
432 |
4,200 |
0.21 |
5.0 x 10-3 |
Cationic |
C16TAB |
230 |
365 |
62,00 |
0.04 |
1.0 x 10-3 |
Amphoteric |
LysoPC |
- |
495 |
92,000 |
0.0004 |
7.0 x 10-6 |
CHAPS |
157 |
615 |
6,150 |
0.49 |
1.4 x 10-3 |
Zwittergent 3-14 |
- |
365 |
30,000 |
0.011 |
3.0 x 10-4 |
Nonionic |
Octyl glucoside |
105 |
292 |
8,000 |
0.73 |
2.3 x 10-2 |
Digitonin |
235 |
1,229 |
70,000 |
- |
- |
C12E8 |
- |
542 |
65,000 |
0.005 |
8.7 x 10-5 |
Lubrol PX |
- |
582 |
64,000 |
0.006 |
1.0 x 10-4 |
Triton X-100 |
- |
650 |
90,000 |
0.021 |
3.0 x 10-4 |
Nonident P-40 |
- |
603 |
90,000 |
0.017 |
3.0 x 10-4 |
Tween 80 |
- |
1,310 |
76,000 |
0.002 |
1.2 x 10-5 | |
CMC - critical micelle concentration.
Detergent |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
1 - Strongly denaturing; 2 - Dializable; 3 - Ion exchangeable, unsuitable for ion-exchange chromatography; 4 - Complexes ions; 5 - Strong A280; 6 - Assay interference; 7 - Cold precipitates; 8 - High cost; 9 - Ease of purification; 10 - Radiolabeled; 11 - Definite composition; 12 - Auto-oxidation |
Anionic |
SDS |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
Cholate |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
Deoxycholate |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
Cationic |
C16TAB |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
Amphoteric |
LysoPC |
+/- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+/- |
+ |
+ |
- |
CHAPS |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
Zwittergent 3-14 |
+/- |
+/- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
Nonionic |
Octyl glucoside |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
Digitonin |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
|
|
C12E8 |
- |
- |
- |
+/- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
Lubrol PX |
- |
- |
- |
+/- |
- |
+/- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
Triton X-100 |
- |
- |
- |
+/- |
+ |
+/- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
Nonident P-40 |
- |
- |
- |
+/- |
+ |
+/- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
Tween 80 |
- |
- |
- |
+/- |
- |
+/- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ | | C16TAB - hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide; LysoPC - lysophosphatidylcholine. * Sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate are unsoluble at <pH 7.5 or at ionic strength greater then 0.1%. SDS may precipitate below 20oC; ** Ionic detergents may induce problems with electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing; *** It is possible to remove by dialysis; **** Phenol -containing detergents (for example Triton X-100 and NP-40) precipitate during Folin protein assay (but do not interfere with Bradford protein assay).
Organic solvents.
Phenol
C6H5OH; Mw=94.1g/M p=1.054, tm= 43, tb= 182, pKa=10.0 solubility: 6.816H2O, unlimited 66H2O; unlimited EtOH
Preparation of "acidic" and "neutral" phenol.
a) from the distillation:
- distill phenol under H2O;
- adjust water to the volume of about 1/10 of phenol phase;
- add 8-hydroxyquinoline to 0.1% (relative to phenol phase) and bMeEtOH (2-mercaptoethanol) to 0.2% (relative to H2O = 0.02% relative to phenol phase);
---- on this step you obtained the "acidic phenol". Store at -20oC (~1 year); ----
- add about the same volume of 0.2 M Tris-base to the phenol, mix ~0.5-1h;
- throw away aqueous phase;
- + 0.1V 0.1M Tris-Cl, pH 8.0
- 0.2% bMeEtOH
- mix ~0.5-1h;
- store at 4oC (in the dark) ~several months.
b) from the good commercial substance:
- saturate phenol by the water (add about 1/5 V );
- then, according to (a), from the p.2.
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